Westernization And Its Effects On Globalization And...

Throughout history, dating back to the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, larger civilizations have sought to dominate other peoples while smaller nations have struggled to preserve their history, beliefs and culture. Various examples of this can be seen throughout history - assimilation of conquered lands into the Roman Empire, of native South Americans and Africans into Christianity and European culture during colonization, and the assimilation of Native Americans into the culture of the United States. Assimilation can also create things, such as the religion of Vodun. However, this does not negate the fact that assimilation and its effects - globalization and westernization - are any less harmful or that they do not play a role in the erasure of small cultures. Westernization can be both a hindrance and advantage to smaller societies, as larger nations can provide technology, knowledge, and aid to smaller cultures, yet they are also a reason why many of these smaller cultures are dis appearing. The only way to combat the adverse effects of globalization while keeping the positive is to find a balance between the two, where smaller cultures have agency in what aspects of the culture they absorb and in their preservation. One of the most important aspects of Western influence has been through globalization. This concept is commonly defined as ‘worldwide integration and development,’ usually through the introduction of capitalism and the use of labor (). By introducing aShow MoreRelatedWesternization Is The Result Of The Contact Between Western And Non Western Cultures962 Words   |  4 PagesWesternization is the result of the contact between western and non-western cultures. Beginning in the fifteenth century and playing out until the nineteenth century, colonialism and neo-imperialism by means of the Euro-Atlantic economy’s authority, played a major part in the spread of western culture. For example, even after decolonizing and becoming their own countries with their own governance, many former-colonies adopted aspects of western politics, even if they firmly opposed other aspectsRead MoreWesternization Of The West And The Rest1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe phrase â€Å"the wes t and the rest† is often discussed in regards to how westernization perhaps influences and even trumps other cultures. Westernization is defined as a â€Å"cause (a country, person, or system) to adopt or be influenced by the cultural, economic, or political systems of Europe and North America† or to â€Å"be in the process of adopting or being influenced by the systems of the West† (New Oxford American Dictionary). This implies that it is frequent that other cultures are exposed to WesternRead MoreThe Impact Of Cultural Imperialism And De-Westernization935 Words   |  4 PagesPresentation report The topic of the presentation is Cultural imperialism and de-westernization. The term cultural imperialism can be defined as broad cultural effects of imperialism including colonialism, but more recently, it tends to have the imperialistic impact of global capitalism. Cultural imperialism is recognized as a kind of form of the Western hegemony in which a way of cultural power to dominate other national cultures throughout the world that is not only through the entertainment butRead MoreInternet Spread the Uniformity of Cultures757 Words   |  4 Pages Finally, with the rapid growth of people’s computer literacy and globalization needs, the Internet is becoming prevalent in business and daily communication around the world. Although there are numerous conveniences the Internet brought to our life, the spread of Internet in some degree influenced diversity or uniformity of different cultures around the world. In the following sections, we will focus on the causes and effects of uniformity of cultures resulted from the Internet and the importanceRead MoreThinking Globally and Acting Locally 1172 Words   |  5 Pageshas positioned itself as globally acceptable TV network and it has dominated in the entertainment market across the world. Youths in different countries enjoy the MTV shows and programs. However, this has had both negative effects and positive effects on the youths. Globalization has led to an increasing connection among different people of the world. This means the youths are to know about what is happening in the larger environment. The youths have borrowed and shared good ideas and innovationsRead MoreHybridity As The Cultural Effect Of Globalization- Introduction1563 Words   |  7 PagesHybridity as the cultural effect of globalization- Introduction According to Avtar Brah and Annie Coombes, the term hybridity originated as a biological term that was used to describe the outcome of a crossing of two or more plants or species. It is now a term that is used for a wide range of social and cultural phenomena involving mixing, and has become a key concept within cultural criticism and post-colonial theory (A. Brah and A.E. Coombes. 2000.). Marwan Kraidy defines the term as theRead MoreGlobalization: Its Effects on our Society Today A Brief History1435 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Is â€Å"Globalization†? Globalization is the growth, expansion and integration of different systems such as economics, culture and politics on a global scale. Western countries went to third world countries and persuaded their citizens by blaming their economical and social problems on their technological backwardness rather than the exploitative nature of their political system. By accomplishing this, the western countries gain entry into the nations and trade technology for resources and labourRead MoreGlobalization Effect on Pakistan1531 Words   |  7 PagesAffect of Globalization on Pakistan The word Globalization refers to â€Å"the growing integration of economies and societies around the world† (World Bank 2010). There has been an increasing amount of connection between various economies and one of the greatest challenges we face is to make this connection a positive one. Globalization certainly has the greatest influence on developing nations around the world. Countries such as India, China and Russia have been positively affected by globalization sinceRead MoreThe Globalization of Culture: Cultural Homogenization1707 Words   |  7 Pagesor way-of-life. With the dawn of globalization, however, cultural variety and distinguishing characteristics are vanishing; giving rise to a monoculture common to all. While this may be a harbinger of unity and relatedness among all people of the world, it also damages the unique cultural identities they once took pride in. This paper discusses the effects of globalization on culture, along with its positive and negative eff ects. Since the effects of globalization on culture are non-exhaustive, itRead MoreUnderstanding Development : Meanings Of Development Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesConceptualizing development: Meanings of development What is development? It can be tough to define because it is a matter of perception. Is it just an improvement in the infrastructure or a rise in the standard of living? Development in terms of globalization and socio-economic change is defined as efforts to spread the ideas and the ways of living of ‘developed’ nations to ‘developing’ nations in an attempt to make the lives of people living there better. Influences of development include planning

•Explain the Difference(S) Among the Many Gang Organizations.

Gangs ENC 3211 Instructor Okeeffe June 29, 2013 Cheryl Pulley Abstract Gangs started earlier than people may think. They consist of robbers, gamblers and vandalism along with the names that were foreign and goofy. Their identity can be from culture, religion even race. Irish opened up cheap corner stores to cover their illegal activities. Some people join gangs because their families, friends or some are even threaten to join. Researchers found that some members only stay for at least a year or less. A gang is a group of people that shares a purpose or an identity. The shared identity can be based on culture, class, religion or even ethnicity (Delaney, 2006). Gangs have been around for hundreds of years. They go back as far as†¦show more content†¦There are four elements that constitute social disorganization; 1. Low economic status 2. A mixture of different ethnic group. 3. Highly mobile residents moving in and out of the area. 4. Disrupted families and broken homes. (Delaney, 2006) Joining a gang to some youth are very exciting (in their mind) the new recruit must be â€Å"jumped† in. Meaning they will have to fight one or more gang member to be accepted. Or they may want them to do a criminal act before they can get in. They feel as though they (the gang) can give them what they are lacking at home, from protection to security. Youth, mainly boys between the ages of 12 and 24, maybe from broken homes with no stability, lack of kids needs (food, clothin g, and shelter). The absent of a male role model in the home, some feel rejected by family as well as neglected. So they seek the attention elsewhere. Most join gangs to feel wanted, secure. If the family characteristics of little communication, set rules, punishment and other parental duties were taken serious, their youth will less likely to join a gang. Gang members may only associate with the ones who will accept them in behaviors, value and goals. Children that are not supervised are higher in their adolescence years to seek social interest in their peers that seems to have more fun in a gang. This turns out to be not so much fun when they do criminal activities. (.nationalgangcenter) Parents and teachers doShow MoreRelatedHispanic Adolescent Youth Gangs Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Gangs have been a point of concern for states and societies around the world for centuries. Youth gangs are not exempt from that same categorization and have operated for the same amount of time worldwide. Over the last century however, a proliferation of youth gangs has been witnessed, especially among Hispanic youths immigrating into the United States. Researchers and scholars have offered multiple theories as to why youths, and Hispanics youths in particular integrate themselves into gang organizationsRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesjuvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, social process, control, labeling, conflict, and development life course theory. We will compare and contrast these different theories with a focus on adolescent involvement in criminal street gangs. Social disorganization is defined as an inability of community members to achieve shared values or to solve jointly experienced problems (Bursik, 1988). In recent decades, the themes of social disorganization theory have been more clearly articulatedRead MoreThe Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System1587 Words   |  7 PagesBrendan O’Callaghan 2/24/16 Juvenile Justice Gangs Assessed Juveniles’ participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America’s criminal justice system in modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler of crime in Britain 1873. Gangs first emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the early partRead MoreFactors That Affect Police Decision Making Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers are questioned if it was the right one. Whether to intervene, and if the decision to intervene is made, and how best to intervene are parts of decision making made by a police officer. Deciding whether and how to intervene can take an officer in many different directions, and he or she must be prepared for and trained to handle each one effectively. Officers conceive discretion either in the letter of the law which they issue citations for every infraction or the spirit of the law and looks atRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 Pagesculture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which some parents find troublesome. However, the younger generation find itRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesan excursion to other countries and their causes of delinquency. The increasing globalization and the need for collaboration between the different countries make this comparison necessary. Causes of Juvenile Delinquency There are many theories that attempt to explain the causes of juvenile delinquency. Those theories either focus on the individual or on the society as a major influencing factor. Theories that consider the individuals as the cause, assume that children and juveniles commit crimesRead MoreCorrelation Between Gang And Gang Delinquency1859 Words   |  8 PagesWhen potential gang members become exposed to certain life situations they have a higher risk of joining a gang. When someone joins a gang they become susceptible to partaking in actions that they would not normally do. This paper will give some idea of what a gang is and describe some factors that can motivate a person to get involved with a gang. It will also explain the problem associated with an increase of gang member activity that result of a higher gang homicide. The data will show that theRead MoreCorrelation Between Gang And Gang Delinquency1832 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction When potential gang members become exposed to certain life situations they have a higher risk of joining a gang. When someone joins a gang they become susceptible to partaking in actions that they would not normally do. This paper will give some idea of what a gang is and describe some factors that can motivate a person to get involved with a gang. It will also explain the problem associated with an increase of gang member activity that result of a higher gang homicide. The data will showRead MoreCrime through the Sociological Perspective: All Over but the Shoutin’2497 Words   |  10 Pagescareer as a journalist. Having a neglectful father and a struggling single mother, Bragg and his family went through many hardships that can seem both unreal to some and commonplace to others. As he started to pursue his career as a journalist, he was a first hand witness to many atrocities, such as the riots in Miami in 1991. While reading through the text, it is astonishing h ow many references there are about different theoretical aspects of crime. There is no question that criminal activity provesRead MoreAcceptance of Tattoos and Body Piercing in a Modern Age1568 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Tattoos are becoming much more popular based on comparing those statistics to the results of a 1936 Life magazine estimates of 10 million Americans had at least one tattoo. As for body piercing, no statistics are kept, and it is unknown how many Americans have them, but healthcare providers and dentists say they are seeing more everyday. Even though most tattoos and body piercing were difficult to adorn in the past because of the discrimination against and limitations of individuals who have

Importance of Books in Life Free Essays

Learning is a significant process in human being life. It is self-evidence that human development can not stand without a good learning. To reach that target, people always search the appropriate ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Books in Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, the mains important elements that help people to learn are books and experiences because of their unlimited benefits. The book is a valuable source of knowledge that consists of infinite benefits. It transports us into different worlds and cultures, as well as, it informs us about ancient civilizations and lore. In addition, it helps us to learn about new technologies and literature. It allows speaking languages fluently and to communicate spontaneously. Therefore, the book can be faithful friend and the nearest into us which can guide us to how to behave in our practical life. Our practical life is also, in addition to books, based on experience. This latter is a crucial element that assists to overcome obstacles. Experience keeps our minds aware of the way to solve some problems, for example, if someone re-confront a problem, it would be easy for him/her to solve it. Experience also could indicate to us the suitable method of living in our life. In conclusion, learning is a strong challenge that requires patience and efforts. Books and experiences are the best manners of learning because of their vast importance and great advantages. Books can play a very important role in shaping our life because we can learn lots of things easily from books. Books provide a great solution in front of us to learn about anything and increase our knowledge level. Therefore, large numbers of people around the world read books because they find them very useful. Books are present in our world from many centuries in different forms and shapes of books are changing with time. Today, we can find books in pdf or audio formats as per the need of people. Though, all these books provide same help by increasing our knowledge levels. People can easily buy books from various book stores available in market or they can use online web stores to order bestselling books. Best Answer – Chosen by Voters The importance of reading books is gaining new insight or perspectives on issues that matter to the reader that helps them to have a new understanding of the world around them. Readers can apply the insight in everyday life or as a way of building upon the knowledge that already encompasses their mind and enrich their lives. The importance of books are also found in how new discoveries pertaining to history are uncovered and/or revealed where the relevance of this the new information needs to be applied or amended in what already exists about a particular issue, topic or event. Thus, â€Å"new† books on existing issues are important because sometimes facts â€Å"change. † Books are a tangible, valuable record of our world. Sure we have the internet and computers with vast amounts of information stored in them but all of history isn’t in a computer. History, the stories of civilations long gone and ancient languages forgotten are somewhere in a book. Books are there so you can learn, imagine and sometimes escape from the world around you. There is nothing like sitting down with a new book, the pages crisp and fresh, and reading about a love story, or a horrible murder. Books are an outlet for many people. For some it is their way of expressing their imagination†¦ writers create so we can read and let our minds take us to a different place, a different time, maybe even a different world. For others, books are an escape. When the world gets to be too crazy and you need to escape you can pick up a book and forget about the world around you. Books enables us to see life through other peoples eyes. People are able to communicate their view of the world to a large audience. Books also enables us to understand other cultures, which in turn enables us to relate better with others. Books can have a profound effect on society and the world because they enable an individual to change the world. A single book by a single author can make a huge difference in the whole world. Think ‘Tuesdays with Morrie’, ‘God has a dream’ and you begin to see the role of books in society and why they are important. Books glue people and cultures together. But unfortunately they can also be used to do just the opposite of the above. How to cite Importance of Books in Life, Papers

Health Promotion Chlamydia Essay Example For Students

Health Promotion: Chlamydia Essay Health can be defined as the absence of disease but this is basic. Health is not just physical but mental and emotional well being is also important. To achieve this humans need access to shelter, fresh food, clean water, income and social justice. To achieve good health people must be living in stable ecosystem with sustainable resources. To achieve this people must live in an organised society with a fair legal system that is ideally not at war. The healthier a nation the more productive it is and the more economically efficient because of this the government invests money in Health Promotion. Health promotion is the process of enabling individuals to increase control over their own health and discourage behaviours that might be harmful to health. This is done by encouraging consumer behaviours that are most likely to improve their health. It involves the population as a whole in the context of their everyday lives, rather than focusing on people at risk for specific diseases, and is directed toward action on the determinants or causes of health. The issues discussed in this paper are about sexual health. Sexual health is defined by the World Health Organisation as the state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absences of disease, dysfunction and infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive, respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled. (WHO 1975) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases passed from one person to another during sexual contact. STDs are transmitted by infectious agents, these agents can be microscopic bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protozoa. These organisms thrive in warm, moist environments in the body, such as the genital area, mouth, and throat. Most STDs are spread while having sex, but other forms of sexual contact, such as oral sex, can also spread disease. Some STDs are passed from a mother to her child before birth, when the disease enters the babys bloodstream, during childbirth as the baby passes through the birth canal, or after birth, when the baby drinks infected breast milk, this is known as vertical transmission. Some viral STDs, especially AIDS, may be transmitted by blood contact such as open wounds, between people who share infected needles or received through a transfusion of infected blood. Some people mistakenly believe that STDs can be transmitted through shaking hands or other casual contact, or through contact with inanimate objects such as clothing or toilet seats. STDs that are bacterial in origin can be cured, this to say they infection can be completely removed from the body, with a single dose of antibiotics. A few such as Herpes and Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cannot be cured because they are viral. People with these diseases remain infected for their entire lives. Those most at risk for contracting STDs are people who have unprotected sex- that is, sex without using some form of contraceptive, those who have multiple partners, and those whose sex partners include drug users who share needles. Studies like the Journal of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology (2004) have shown that young people between the ages of 16 and 24 have the biggest risk of catching STDs than older adults do, because younger people are more likely to have multiple sexual partners rather than a single, long-term relationship. Young people may also be more likely to have unprotected sex and may be embarrassed to tell their sexual partners they are infected. Young people may also be embarrassed or unable to seek medical attention for STDs. This means that they are not only more likely to pass the disease to other young people and they also have a greater risk of suffering the long-term consequences of untreated STDs. .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .postImageUrl , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:hover , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:visited , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:active { border:0!important; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:active , .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8 .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6da071a45f0ad672c20c0e5ded69cf8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Analysis on a Mcdonalds Advertisement EssayPeople who do not know they are infected risk infecting their sexual partners and, in some cases, their unborn children. If left untreated, these diseases may cause debilitating pain or may destroy the persons ability to produce children. One trait of this disease is it can present no symptoms until well established or not at all. Only 12% of the people who are infected experience symptoms so individuals who are infected are often unaware they have Chlamydia and pass it on. In Wales Chlamydia is the most common STD, it is a bacterial infection caused by the Chlamydia Trachomatis bacterium. Not only is it the most commonly .

Communication Essays - Nonverbal Communication, Romance, Posture

Communication Question 1 Option A Communication between two people sometimes is misinterpreted. One aspect of communication that makes it easy to distort the message being sent to a person is the use of nonverbal codes. ?Nonverbal codes are codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words including nonword vocalizations.?(P/N 73) The two categories I choose for this test are kinesics and paralinguistic features. Kinesics is the posture, movement, gestures, and facial expressions that are used to send a message. (P/N 73) One example of this is ?giving the finger? to another person, which is showing only your middle finger to someone. This is socially accepted within the group of friends that I run around with, because it is saying, ?forget you I don't want to hear it?, but nothing more is thought of it. It is used in a joking manner, if you are being serious then it is not the right situation to use it. If it is misinterpreted, or used in a serious manner, then it will most likely offend the person that it was directed to. At the same time you only want to ?give the finger? to someone who you are friends with on a personal level. These rules are just a set standard, which are learned through observations. Paralinguistic features are the nonword sounds and nonword characteristics of language. (P/N 79) An example of this is when someone yawns. This is when someone is tired; the body does not function as well. Their circulation is not as good and the body is trying to get more air to the brain. It is socially accepted because it is something that can not be controlled. However, it is also considered rude to do when someone is talking to you because the impression that you are not listening is given to the speaker. In return, if done frequently enough the impression that you do not like the person can be given. This rule is learned from observation. It is important to be aware of the implicit rules for cultural/co-cultural nonverbal codes because if not known then you can easily offend people. The example of ?giving the finger? to someone might mean something else in another country. It might mean nothing at all; in that case, people would not understand you. On the other hand, it also might mean something terrible mean, and then you would offend them. It is important to understand these rules so the signals that you are intending to send will not be misunderstood. Question 2 Option B The Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses states that you can only feel what you can explain in words. If you do not have the words to explain a feeling then you can not feel that feeling to the full extent. Someone who can explain it in words will have a more enriching experience. I personally disagree with this statement. I have to say that when you fall in love no one can explain it completely, but it does not take away from their experience because they can not explain it. My personal example of this would have to be of a church retreat that I went to four years in a row. It was the most wonderful thing that happened to me. The worshiping and the love that I felt with the people there is just indescribable. I do not feel that just because I could learn how to describe it that it would make my experience any better. The only thing it would allow me to express the feeling. This theory is not important to studying communication. Since what is actually stated is not true what good does it do. I feel that people who have a bigger vocabulary might be able to describe the situation better, which in turn means better communication. However, this is not what the hypothesis is stating. Question 3 In a relationship, there are stages that it will go through. While going through these stages, not every relationship will hit every stage, and in the relationship, some stages will occur more than others will. The three most important stages are intensifying, bonding, and differentiating. Intensifying is the stage where the two people where notice that they have a relationship and try to take it to a higher

UFOs essays

UFOs essays We once believed that Earth is the only planet in the Universe that supports life. Today there is overwhelming evidence that not only suggests, but supports the very real possibility that we may share the Universe with other intelligent beings. I. Things in the Sky A. The First Documented Sighting B. The Fever Spreads 1. Pilot Encounters 2. The Lights in the Sky II. Dents in the Earth III. Unexplained Phenomenon A. The Writing on the Wall B. Geodes IV. What About Religion? A. The Christian Bible B. The Ancient Greeks C. The American Indian V. Conclusion We are not Alone. On June 24th, 1947 while searching for the remains of a downed Marine C-46 transport, lost somewhere in the Mount Ranier area, a young Idahoan businessman named Kenneth Arnold spotted something that would change his life forever. Just north of his position flying at an altitude of 9,500 feet and an unprecedented airspeed of 1,700 mph he spotted nine circular aircraft flying in formation. According to his estimate the aircraft were approximately the size of a DC-4 airliner ( Jackson 4). This account was the first sighting to ever receive a great deal of media attention. This sighting gave birth to the phrase "flying Saucer" coined by a reporter named Bill Begrette. Although not the first UFO sighting in history, Kenneth Arnolds account is considered to be the first documented UFO sighting. The following day Mr. Arnold discovered that in addition to his sighting there were several others in the Mount Ranier area that same day (Jackson 6). When most of think of UFO sightings we picture an unemployed, half- crazed, alcoholic hick living in a trailer park in the middle small town USA. Often times this description, although a little exaggerated, seems to fit fairly well. In the past when the average person spotted a UFO they were quickly discounted as a kook or con-artist in search of either attention or monetary reward. It wasn't until more reputable figures in our socie...

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Human Rights - Essay Example Research by international human rights organizations have described the worst forms of labor abuse and dehumanization among low income earners like domestic and construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. For example, the worst form of exploitation is the â€Å"Kafala† sponsorship program that gives sponsors and employers authority to determine the immigrants’ legal residence (Chalcraft, 2011). According to Sonnez, Apostolopoulos, Tran & Rentrope (2011), employers are given the authority to control migrant workers pay, living conditions, and ability to renew or terminate their contracts without regard to the country’s labor laws. Another form of human right violation is debt bondage and confiscation of passports because migrant workers have been charged high recruitment fees by their home agencies. Violation comes in because the migrants are promised high salaries but on arrival they wages are too low ranging from $175 to $220 per month. A report by Human Rights Watch (2012) indicates that construction workers live in inhumane conditions, with eight to ten laborers sharing a room because of poverty and debt. For instance, they were expected to work for more than 12 hours per day with very few breaks even under extreme heat of the day (Exploited Workers Building Island of Happiness, 2009). The poor wages and increased cases of abuse thrive because of the political environment which has continuously ignored the need for establishing labor unions and enforcing legal action on abusers. Lack of labor unions limits migrants’ choices, rights to expression, ability to seek justice and freedom to move from one employer to another equating the situation to modern day slavery. These limitations have led to increased cases of suicides among immigrants who find themselves in fixed inhumane environment. A 2009 police report indicated that 113 migrants committed suicide with the most victims coming from domestic and

Gangs of New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gangs of New York - Essay Example Scorsese makes an interesting story here as he inserts Daniel Day-Lewis who plays the character of a man who has deadly knife skills, William Cutting, a.k.a Bill the Butcher. William is a Native American who leads a gang of fellow natives who begrudge the Irish immigrants in the city. In turn, these immigrants form a gang and clashes with the natives. Scorsese’s portrayal of the gangs during the Civil War is a little too limited since he only focuses of the two gangs – Bill the Butcher and The Dead Rabbits. (Gallman, 2003) Although he makes it seem that there are not only two gangs around during that time, he only makes the two visible to the viewers. Nonetheless, Scorsese does a good job at giving a good background in this portion. The clash of the two gangs leaves Priest Vallon, the one who acts as the leader of The Dead Rabbits, dead. As the movies goes on showing the whereabouts and the happenings of Vallon’s son, Amsterdam, Full Name 3 played by Leonardo DiC aprio, Scorsese creates an atmosphere of vengeance while Amsterdam attends a reform school until the time he goes back to the city. Scorsese’s portrayal of the Five Points is almost excellent until some American-Chinese characters appeared on the screen, showing that Chinatown already existed during that time. It is true that the Five Points - Mulberry; Anthony, Cross, Orange and Little Water are the streets now being occupied by Chinatown, though some streets are named differently today, the Chinese community was not present during the Civil War. (Gallman, 2003) This may not be the director’s intention, since it is possible that they were in New York, shooting groups of people, accidentally passing a group of Chinese and forgetting editing the scene. Whatever the reason is, Scorsese is still not able to perfectly show an accurate picture of New York in the Civil War. The movie moves around the story of Amsterdam’s long-awaited thirst to kill Bill, having the Ci vil War as an aid to give a good story plot. Although it revolves around Amsterdam’s vengeance, Scorsese reconstructs the details of life in that era and the historical change and the reason behind the Americans and New Yorkers disdain the shed of blood and overt display of corruption and how the past laws gave way to the modern ones. (Lightner, 2006) As the story goes on, Amsterdam sets a scheme to avenge his father’s death, which eventually leads to penetrating Bill’s Gang deep, making himself as the gang leader’s trusted assistant. As he continues his act with the gang, he meets Jenny Everdeane, Cameron Diaz, who has a history with Bill and then starts a linchpin of male jealousy. Cameron’s character here is more of a structural necessity than a widely explored one. (Gallman, 2003) Considering the setting of the Full Name 4 movie, women of that era didn’t have much to do with the society due to the social injustices not just to slaves but also to women. Having a lady thief in that era, possessing a beautiful face and an extraordinary skill, it is tantamount to power and such vibrant character should be well- explored. (Sight and Sound, 2003) Scorsese could’ve used Jenny’s character to show the women of that era, unfortunately, she only is a hub for jealousy between Bill and Amsterdam, who happens to be a woman born ahead of her time. The movie shows too little of the characters in the story aside from the big three; Diaz, DiCaprio and

Long-range planning is nowdays seen as an academic exercise Essay

Long-range planning is nowdays seen as an academic exercise - Essay Example It must be understood that planning is done to achieve certain goals. Long term goals can specify where the organization would like to be a few years in the future. Goals are stated as the intention of the organization that are specific, measurable, cover key result areas, challenging, and should have defined time periods. For individuals and workers at a given company, the goals may be linked to rewards (Welch, 2005). At the same time, planning specifies the means for achieving the organization’s goals (Daft, 2000). However today’s businesses operate in a highly volatile environment and managers are concentrating more and more on short term results. The statement given at World Economic Forum correctly suggests that ‘Long-range planning is nowadays seen as an academic exercise’ and this is fast becoming a widely accepted truth. Nevertheless in the interest of business as a going concern, the validity of the statement and legitimacy of long range planning needs to be re-evaluated. This paper focuses on discussing the merits and demerits of long range planning and aims to answer if it still is a necessary exercise or merely an academic exercise which can be ignored if other functions of management continue to perform at or better than expected levels. Before such an analysis is undertaken, it is important to know why the focus on the short term results is so predominant. Long term planning is getting more difficult and focus is shifting from it due to basic reason of increased volatility in the worldwide corporate as well as business environment. On top of that, the present financial community including stock/company analysts and mutual fund managers often evaluate the performance of many securities based on short term results. This means that a company presenting strong short term results can have its stock be given better performance reviews by peers. For individuals within the company, rewards such as bonuses, promotions and the like could

Finnis Theory Of Natural Law

Finnis Theory Of Natural Law Critically assess the success of Finnis attempt to construct a theory of natural law based on practical reason and not on a universal view of morality as traditionally contended. The Natural Law Introduction. It is possible to trace Natural Law thinking from primitive stages of simple societies where there was very little distinction between the religious and the secular the spiritual and the physical. For many of these early communities the spiritual world of gods and spirits was seen as being in control of the physical world including human society. Such communities had a variety of gods and spirits resulting in a spiritual entity associated with numerous aspects of the physical world. This gave rise to a belief that there was some higher power in control of human existence and this power was governed by a set of rules or principles which mankind could utilise in furtherance of a perfect existence. The kernel of the theory of Natural Law holds that law derives from a higher law, which is contained in certain principles of morality. These principles are sourced in either religion (through scriptures) or reason. According to theologians, these principles are under the control and governance of a God or figure of Deity and which eternally controls all of creation. Furthermore, it is their belief that all human arrangements, including law, must conform as far as possible to these principles. Secular theorists believe that such principles originate from mans conscience a conception of morality, which is inherent to all men, and part of their nature. Such principles or rules are discoverable through the application of human reason and form the genesis of law making, constituting the higher law from which all human laws must conform. St. Thomas of Aquinas 13th Century Theorists who support Natural Law guidance assume that certain facts about humans and their society provide the correct basis for laws that guide human interaction. Regardless of the theological vis-à  -vis secular opinions it is agreed between both schools of thought that real laws are those, which meet a moral standard, found by using the right facts and practical reasoning. Historically, one of the most influential natural law jurists was St. Thomas of Aquinas whose teachings form the basis of the Roman Catholic natural law traditions. Aquinas integrates the rationalist and religious approaches to Natural Law. He greatly influenced Western ideals in the area of ethics, political theory but, in particular, his teachings in the field of natural law held him in the highest of esteem within the Catholic Church, prompting Pope Benedict XV to declare The Church has declared Tomas doctrine to be her own. Aquinas believed that the eternal law of divine reason is wholly unknown to man as only God knows its full extent but that it is partially known not only through revelation (the Commandments, the scriptures) but also through the application of reason. He also contends that human law derived from divine law which governed the relationship between all things created by Him. According to Aquinas, God is the highest good and the reason all matter exists and that such creations exist together in a hierarchy known as the Principle of Subordination. Aquinas divided law into four main categories Eternal Law Such law constitutes Gods rational guidance of all created things and is derived from the divine wisdom and based on a divine plan. Man can never understand eternal law in its entirety but shall be guided by it as he moves through life. On the one hand such law resides with God alone, mysterious and inaccessible. En revanche as it is responsible for various complexities throughout nature, mankind can figure out certain aspects of it. Promulgated law, mentioned by Aquinas consists of practical reason emanating from a ruler or a figure of authority in a community. By the same rationale, he contends that God, as a ruler of the universe also has the nature of a law and as He is not subject to time such law is eternal. Divine Law Eternal law which manifests itself in the Christian scriptures the Commandments or the will of God revealed in the Old and New Testaments. Such law, according to Aquinas, was necessary as humans require require guidance on how to perform proper acts. It was also required to keep checks on the uncertainty of human judgement and to provide divine insight on issues they are not competent to judge for themselves. The Natural Law According to Aquinas, It is evident that all things partake somewhat of the eternal law, in so far as, namely, from its being imprinted on them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Wherefore it (humans nature) has a share of the Eternal Reason, whereby it has a natural inclination to its proper act and end: and this participation of the eternal law in the rational creature is called the natural law From this Aquinas contends that Natural Law exists among man in the world and it is as he states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as though the light of natural reason by which we discern good from Evil. From this Aquinas gives us his definition of the Natural Law (participation of humans in Eternal Law) and the first principle of Natural Law (the capacity to differentiate good from evil). Human Law Is derived a combination of both the Divine and Natural Laws and must be directed toward the common good. Such law can vary in accordance with time but its essence must be just as an unjust law is not law (lex injusta non est lex). For Aquinas an unjust human law is one that furthers the interests of the lawgiver solely; or exceeds the power of the lawgiver; or imposes unequal burdens on the society being governed. Under this rationale therefore, Aquinas held the belief that disobedience to an unjust law becomes a duty as if the law is contrary to Divine law, man is released from obedience we should obey God rather than man. However such disobedience should be avoided if it were to lead to social instability, which is a greater evil than the existence of an unjust law in the first instance. Aquinas was concerned with the nature of laws primarily rather than the nature of a legal system or how laws operate. John Finnis, as will be seen later, was concerned with both equally. Law, according to Aquinas, is the use of reason for the common good made by those that care about the community and made known to this community. Aquinas believed that God gave humans characteristics the primary of which was our capability for rationality and reason. Mankind tends to do things naturally thus mirroring God as supremely rational. Using reason and rationale we can deduce what is self-evidently good and worth pursuing or what is self-evidently bad or evil and to be avoided. In this pursuit of good things we make laws for the common good using reason and are, again according to Aquinas, participating in Gods rational world order. Aquinas believed there are numerous ways to solve a problem and acknowledges that different societies or cultures may place different restrictions on behavior following from this there is not only one way to make law. The critical point to acknowledge is that whatever means are used are accepted by rational people. When dealing with positive/mad made laws Aquinas classifies them into real or defective. The former relate to reasonable standards of conduct in the pursuit of the common good while the latter refers to laws that do not meet criteria established in natural law principle or are unjust (do not meet the requirements of justice) and so these laws can be justifiably disobeyed. The Fall and Rise of Natural Law The secularisation of Natural Law began with the advent of the Reformation in Europe and the consequent decline of the Roman Catholic Church. This essentially resulted in Protestant theorists developing their own theories on natural law that were not based on papal teachings. Natural law doctrines faced further decline throughout the 18th century and into the 19th century where emphasis was placed on the notions of State power and State coercion. This era also saw a rise in the positivists approach to jurisprudential theories which were promoted by Jeremy Bentham and John Austin. Such jurists sought to separate the notions of what law is as opposed to what the law ought to be. The concepts of morality and law should be kept apart and the principles of Natural Law should belong more to the former than the latter. The 20th century saw a rebirth of Natural Law approaches to the study of law. To the forefront was the notion that there must be a higher set of principles (as distinct from positive law) which must satisfy natural law theories if law was to be regarded as valid. This revival was the result of a number of historical occurrences Nazism (whose acts were based on Nazi laws); the development of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction; the general decline of social and economic stability worldwide. Professor John Finnis 20th Century Professor John Finnis is a contemporary defender of natural law and a supporter of its resurgence in the last century. Finnis is a strong supporter of a neo-Aquinian natural law philosophy which does not presuppose a divine being. Instead of making reference to the form of good or seeking good, as was proposed by historical jurists he speaks of mans desire to pursue basic goods in life. Finnis focuses on goods rather than a single good in what he refers to as a theory of moral action for our day or in other words he seeks a theory of how to live well. Finnis The Basic Goods of Life This theory is based on the supposition that mankind sets out to obtain things they perceive to be good for themselves. In doing so, man must exercise practical reason to obtain that good at any one time. Finnis isolates eight of these goods which, according to him, cannot be broken down any more and so refers to them as basic goods in life. These are, he says, fundamental and do not derive from other goods analogous to the moral equivalents of chemical elements. They are generally things which for most people make life worthwhile and according to Finnis are self-evident. They list as follows Life life is the first basic value stemming from the drive for self preservation. Knowledge refers to the preference of man for true fact over false belief. Finnis calls it speculative knowledge distinguishing between knowledge sought for personal sake over knowledge sought as a means of achieving power or popularity. Play relates to performance for the sake of it an act or acts done for no point but an attempt to better oneself Aesthetic Experience relates simply to the appreciation of beauty but at all levels Friendship/ Sociability acting for the well being of a friend Practical Reasonableness the main concept which relates to mankind using their own intellect to choose his paths in life Religion relates to the ability of mankind to reflect on universal origins and of human freedom and reason Marriage a recent addition to Finnis list of basic goods. Marriage, per Finnis, is that between a male and a female and any sexual activity between non-married persons that is not procreative is inherently immoral. The first three (a) to (c) above Finnis calls substantive goods, which exist prior to action. The final group of these basic goods he terms reflexive goods which depend on our choices. Finnis The Principles of Practical Reasonableness To achieve these goods Finnis also has nine principles of practical reasonableness that are what might be called methods of operation that are to be utilised in the ordering of human life and the human community and the creation of the optimum conditions to attain these basic goods such conditions equate to the common good. These basic methodological requirements when taken in part or as a whole allow us the capability of figuring out the morally correct way of acting. The first requirement of practical reasonableness is a rational plan of life. Man must have a structured set of purposes which he should commit to and which guide him through life. Despite life, being subject to many changes one should not just live from moment to moment. Any commitment to a rational life plan will require one or some of the basic goods but such commitment will only be rational if it is based on ones capacities, circumstances and tastes. Secondly, I am of no more value than others but my own well being is my concern and interest and by having a preference for my own well being I will do what is reasonable. Do unto others as you would have them done unto you; put yourself in the other mans shoes; do not condemn others for what your are willing to do yourself these are all requirements of reason and ignoring them is being arbitrary between individuals. Good is to be done and evil is to be avoided a principle taken directly from Aquinian teachings and also Aquinas basic principle of moral action. In doing so one ought to choose and will only those possibilities where willing and action are compatible with integral human fulfillment. This principle gives Finnis (as we shall see further in this essay) and others committed to global human rights the most ammunition i.e. all actions that work against such fulfillment are basically wrong. The forth and fifth principles are related to each other and that of adopting a coherent life plan. One must have a certain detachment from all specific projects that are undertakes. If failure occurs in any of these commitments or projects we must not develop an apathetic attitude thereafter to life. A healthy balance must exist between fanaticism, apathy or refusal to participate. Thus if any commitment fails or appears to be heading that direction then one must look for a more creative or rewarding way to perform same. A further principle relates to the requirement to bring good to the community by actions that are efficient for their purpose. Over a wide range of preferences, it is reasonable for such a community to seek the maximum satisfaction of these preferences. Related to this is the need to favour the common good of ones community or society on a macro scale. Penultimately, no man should choose an act that would damage or negatively affect the participation of any one or more of the basic human goods it is always necessary to weigh up ones actions. Finally the ninth requirement outlines that one should not do what one does not feel like doing so man must act in accordance with his conscience a reiteration of a belief proposed by Aquinas. The Concept of Law Focal vis-à  -vis Penumbral As discussed, Finnis outlines that the human basic goods must be utilised in a community or society, as only then will the conditions to achieve these exist in the pursuit of a common good. This common good requires a legal system but such systems can sometimes work against the common good Finnis acknowledges this and states that a ruler has the authority to act for the common good. If he acts in a way that appears to go against the common good or any of the principles of practical reasonableness such actions lack the authority that they should have had. Just as Aquinas believed, Finnis says such laws lack moral authority, they do not bind the conscience of man and one is neither morally obliged to conform nor not to conform. Or put more simply unjust laws are a perversion of law and do not bind mans moral conscience. Finnis distinguishes here the difference between the focal or core meaning of the law from the penumbral meaning. The latter relates to difficult cases and unclear meanings of law. In such cases an argument is needed to demonstrate that it is appropriate to interpret the rule of law in a particular fashion. The former relates to laws that are aimed at the realisation of the common good for a community if such are unjust they will not be regarded as laws in the focal sense. It is in the focal sense of the concept of law that we must identify as it is in this meaning that we find a direct link between the law and moral order. Finnis Distributive Justice In his book Finnis links practical reasonableness and law when discussing justice and rights. He states that the whole object of distributive justice is the common good. With regard to the basic goods, Finnis maintains that the main criteria are need followed by function and capacity. Such terms relate to roles in communal enterprise together with opportunities for advancement of the individual in society. Finis also makes mention of desert based principles which relate to claims that people deserve certain economic benefits in light of their actions making people responsible for their actions and creative in their environments. The different desert-based principles of distribution differ primarily according to what they identify as the basis for deserving. These principles can be broadly categorised as follows 1. Contribution people should be rewarded for their work activity according to the value of their contribution to the social product 2. Effort people should be rewarded according to the effort they expend in their work activity 3. Compensation people should be rewarded according to the costs they incur in their work activity Finnis further suggests a requirement for private ownership as a requirement of justice when he mentions personal autonomy in the community bolstering this by adding that rule of human experience indicates that resources are more productively exploited by private enterprise but then diluting it by referring to the fact that common ownership and enterprise would be beneficial for all. Finnis Commutative Justice Commutative justice relates to a fundamental fairness in agreements and exchanges between social groups. It demands respect for the equal human dignity of all persons in economic transactions, contracts, or promises e.g. workers owe their employers diligent work in exchange for their wages while employers are obligated to treat their employees as persons, paying them fair wages in exchange for the work done together with establishing conditions and patterns of work that are fair and equitable. The central or characteristic act of commutative justice, according to Aquinas, was Xs act of restitution for Y for losses incurred by Y. This is based on the presupposition that X has already wronged Y. Aquinas teachings did not allow for X to do wrong to Y post restitutio so in many cases the primary focus of Aquinas discussions on commutative justice is not the duty of recompense but the primary question of whether Xs act is or is not a wronging of Y. The term commutative justice for Aquinas therefore is a wide one focusing on rights and wrongs in any interaction between individuals or neighbours. Finnis contends that Aquinas classification of the types of justice as opposed to general justice is fragile. General justice, according to him, is ones orientation to act for the common good or toward a common rule according to all relevant laws, either divine or human. Following from this, all laws (that are adhered to) are made for the common good and everything required for such good of a particular grouping in society should conform to a rational standard. Aquinas however, according to Finnis, clarifies that acting for the common good [according to reasonableness] can sometimes not mean acting according to a common rule. Finnis further makes reference to occasions where it is difficult to distinguish between rules that are intended to secure either distributive justice or commutative justice. He makes reference to the classical period in the law of torts, from mid 19th century to modern day, where such rules may be interpreted either way. Where at one stage the issue was what standard of conduct is owed to a person [neighbour] is increasingly moving toward being phrased in terms of the apportionment of risk. Finnis Human Rights According to Finnis, human rights must be maintained as a fundamental component of the common good. Such rights are subject to or limited to each other and by other aspects of the common good these aspectscan be linked to issues concerning public morality, public health or public order. Finnis believes in some absolute human rights i.e. the right not to have a life taken directly as a means to further end; the right not to be deprived or to be required to deprive oneself from pro-creative activity. Finnis turns to an explicit treatment of rights but then observes that his whole book has been about human rights, which he takes to be synonymous with natural rights The modern grammar of rights provides a way of expressing virtually all the requirements of practical reasonableness, the latter phrase, as discussed above, being equivalent for Finnis to the tradition of natural law. Finnis beliefs on human rights enable him to give an alternative expression of the version of natural law he has developed in conjunction with other modern day philosophers such as Grisez and Hohfeld. In answer to the philosophical question as to what it is to have a right Finnis identifies two theories, the benefit theory and the choice theory. The choice theory arises because it regards the benefit theory as seeing rights simply as the reflex of rules which impose duties. H.L.A. Hart taught that possession of a right was to have control over other peoples freedom or, what amounts to the same thing, control over other peoples duties. (duties being limits on freedom, meaning moral freedom or what a person is morally permitted to do). He emphasised this criticising a different answer to the question what does it mean to have a right? that having a right consists in being the beneficiary of someone elses duties. Hart argued that there are some examples where a person is the beneficia ry of a duty but does not have a right. He further came to see that the choice theory was inadequate, writing that the core of the notion of rights is neither individual choice nor individual benefit but basic or fundamental individual needs. Finnis also sees this as identical with his own notion of basic aspects of human flourishing. Rights exist wherever a basic principle or requirement of practical reasonableness, or a rule derived there from, gives to X, and to each and every member of a class to which X belongs, the benefit of a positive or negative requirement or obligation imposed upon Y, or the ability to bring it about that Y is subject to such a requirement, or the immunity from being himself subject by Y to any such requirement In brief, Finnis is able to recast his whole theory into rights parlance. The benefit theory of rights has been shown by Hart to be only a special case of the choice theory, so we are prepared for Finnis steady correlation of rights and duties. His treatment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 provides not only a keen analysis but a general acceptance of it. His attention is drawn to the specification of what can legitimately limit the exercise of a right. To say that the exercise of human rights is subject to the common good serves no useful purpose, for the maintenance of human rights is a fundamental component of the common good. Finnis, in essence, extends his contention that natural law and natural rights can be regarded as two sides of a coin as duty on one side and the flipside as a right. The modern use of right to mean something someone has turns out to be simply a restatement of the requirements of justice from the side of the recipient. According to McIne rney, it is not simply that the old talk can be translated into the new, Finnis shows a preference for the new and praises it on occasion. Finnis A Critique of Practical Reasonableness Practical reasonableness is the key to Finniss theory of Natural Law. It is the means through which people grasp what is good and what is to be pursued, as well as being a good in itself. As discussed earlier, Finnis recognises basic forms of good, and asserts that this is an exhaustive list, suggesting that everyone who is practically reasonable will agree with it but if true must not practical reasonableness be an objective concept. Otherwise, people could discover completely different forms of good using their own subjective practical reasonableness. Finnis, however, does not agree and in his book expresses an aspect of practical reasonableness as the requirement that one should not do what one judges or thinks or feels all-in-all should not be done. This, he feels, expresses that practical reasonableness is not simply a mechanism for producing correct judgments, but an aspect of personal full-being, to be respected (like all the other aspects) in every act as well as over-all whatever the consequences How so is it possible to have a self-evident, indemonstrable good of practical reasonableness, through which all other forms of good are recognised, if it is acceptable to follow a mistaken conscience, whatever the consequences? Hitler, for example, may have genuinely felt he was doing a great service to the common good by ridding society of the curse of the Jews; and under Finniss theory, he cannot be criticised for this, because he was following his conscience, and because all of the requirements are of equal value. Ironically the prosecution of these war crimes were a principal factor that led to the Natural Law revival in which Finnis took part. Finnis regards practical reasonableness as an end in itself. He considers just that about all of the basic goods (of which practical reasonableness is just one) as being an end pre-eminently endish Reference is made however of a double duty whereby such reasonableness is a means of pursuing the ends of the other basic goods. So reasonableness is both a basic aspect of human well being and concerns ones participation in all other aspects of human well being. Can such a double-duty be performed? Is it actually a good, an end in itself or is it merely a method of attaining the other goods? Unlike knowledge for example, practical reasonableness cannot be pursued just for its own sake. Such a pursuit is necessarily contingent upon another end. When participating in it, the ultimate goal is not the attainment of practical reasonableness, but the participation in and realisation of another goal. Finnis would appear to place a higher value on the good of practical reasonableness than on the rest of the basic goods contrary to his belief that they are all equal. If it is accepted that it is both a means and an end that it does in fact do double-duty where none of the other basic goods do this would lend creedence to the suggestion that it sits atop a hierarchy à ¡ la Finnis. He suggests as much by stating that despite being free to choose which good we choose to pursue and which to ignore, we have no good reason to leave practical reasonableness out of our plan to live well. This would further introduce an Orwellian concept that the basic goods are all equal but some are more equal than others. If such a hierarchy exists should the basic good of life not outrank all others without which one could not partake in the rest of the basic goods. This, the author contends, unlike much of Finnis assertions, actually is self-evident. Next in line should then be practical reasonabl eness for reasons set out above followed by knowledge which bridges a gap between self-interest and a concern for the common good. Religion and all curiosity relating to cosmic order could come next although it could be linked to knowledge or a sub-category of it. Play is linked to sociability and friendship with aesthetic friendship linked to it as a sub-category. Finnis rates this as least important as it would appear to have the least interaction with the rest. Finnis natural law theory asserts that the values of his self-evident basic goods are the impossible to measure. Fundamental problems are created when morality is divorced from values. Finnis, as discussed above, requires a life plan based on these goods placed in a hierarchical format but does not outline how one should go about this. This places the morally right candidate in a unsure position as he may try to do what Finnis suggests but may never be able to achieve the required result as Finnis expects. Conclusion Essentially Finnis lays claim that the law is a social institution whose purpose is to regulate the affairs of people and so contribute to the creation of a community in which all people can live harmoniously while realising the fruits of the basic value system he proposes. In effect the law is a moral project where one must take the position of the person who examines the law with this person in mind. This is the practical reasonable person who grasps the basic values together with the laws purpose in helping others realise them. Whether or not a persons description of law is correct or not will depend significantly upon whether ones moral views are correct as it is these that will inform the way in which one conceives the project of law. Word Count 4,974 Footnotes 36

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. I want to find out whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. Variables There are two important independent variables in my investigation the first of which is the concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid used during the investigation. The concentration of the acid will partly determine how fast the reaction takes place, if we put some of the magnesium ribbon into the HCL at 2molar then it might have simply dissolved within a few seconds and then I would not have had time to record down any decent enough results to plot a graph with. The other important independent variable that will affect the speed of the rate of reaction is the length of magnesium ribbon. We need to put enough Mg Ribbon into the HCL so that it doesn’t run out straight away but also so that the experiment stops by itself once the gas syringe has filled up. The reasons for choosing these two independent variables are that it would be too hard to try and find a catalyst for this experiment; a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. Finding a catalyst for this particular experiment could take months never mind the amount of time we have been given for our experiment. The independent variable that I will change is going to be the hydrochloric acid, we will use 50ml of HCL at the following molarity concentrations; 2molar, 1.6molar, 1.2molar, 0.8 molar and 0.4 molar. I have decided to experiment with these different strengths of molar because I think it will give a wide set of results to put into a graph. The dependant variable I shall be measuring will be the time it takes for the magnesium to completely react with the hydrochloric acid, I shall record the times for each concentration of hydrochloric acid three times so that it makes it a fair test. To ensure the investigation is fair we will use the same length of magnesium ribbon for all the different strengths of hydrochloric acid and the length will be the one that we picked out from the preliminary experiments. Another way in which we will keep the investigation fair will be to carry out an experiment at each concentration of hydrochloric acid three times so that we can then get hopefully around the same outcome from each experiment, and if there are any anomalies we can try to explain why they happened.