Describe the global issue of TB and the impact it has on the health Assignment

Describe the global issue of TB and the impact it has on the health system of the most affected region - Assignment Example It is third biggest cause of death, after HIV/AIDS and ischemic heart disease in the age group of 15-59 years. There are many undeniable reasons to urgently improve TB control. While millions of people transverse countries and continents every day by crossing borders, global security is at stake. Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne, potentially fatal infectious disease, acquiring pandemic proportion affecting almost all countries, is indeed a major global health concern. A third of the world’s population carries latent TB infection, which can appear at any time as symptomatic and at times life threatening disease when the immune systems of the infected persons are compromised. While many will never become ill, those who get are often suffer due to inadequate and incomplete treatment with an undesirable outcome because of their vulnerable and fragile health systems. A major cause of death, TB ranks as the eighth leading cause of death in low and middle income countrie s. It is third biggest cause of death, after HIV/AIDS and ischemic heart disease in the age group of 15-59 years (Lopez et al. 2006). TB, generally, is a curable disease; people with drug-sensitive type can be cured in six months. However, treatment of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) that are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most important first-line drugs used in treatment of TB, is really challenging. There is around 0.4–0.5 million cases of MDR-TB each year. It requires use of second-line drugs that are costlier with severe side-effects, and treatment has to continue for longer period may be up to two years. Even then prognosis is not always very good for, with success rate of 50% to 70% (WHO 2010). Countries most affected by TB and populations most at risk According to the WHO (2010) each year, there are around 9 million new cases of TB, and about 2 million deaths due to TB infection. Almost every country of the world is affected by the TB, however, most cas es (85%) occur in Asia (55%), and Africa (30%) with India and China alone account for 35% of all cases. Of all the world’s TB cases, 80% of the cases are reported from 22 countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vietnam and Zimbabwe), which are known as high-burden countries (HBCs) and have been given special attention in TB control (WHO 2010). Patients suffering from HIV/AIDS, TB infection is more fatal though such incidence is low, just over 10% of the TB cases that occur each year are among people living with HIV. Africa alone has 80% of such cases. The HIV epidemic caused a major rise in TB cases in Africa during the 1980s and 1990s with highest numbers reached in 2004, and have since begun to decline. There were around 1.3 million deaths fr om TB among HIV-negative people and around 0.4 million deaths from TB among HIV-positive people in 2009 (WHO 2010). TB is not restricted to low and middle income countries; it has affected the United States as well. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s (2010) report in 2010, a total of 11,181 (a rate of 3.6 cases per 100,000 population) tuberculosis (TB) cases were reported in the United States which was a

Important Role of Women in Homers Odyssey Essay example -- The Role o

   For the Greeks, Homer's Odyssey was much more than just an entertaining tale of gods, monsters, and men, it served as cultural paradigm from which every important role and relationship could be defined.   This book, much more so than its counter part The Iliad, gives an eclectic view of the Achean's peacetime civilization.   Through Odyssey, we gain an understanding of what is proper or improper in relationships between father and son, god and mortal, servant and master, guest and host, and--importantly--man and woman.   Women play a vital role in the movement of this narrative.   Unlike in The Iliad, where they are chiefly prizes to be won, bereft of identity, the women of Odyssey are unique in their personality, intentions, and relationship towards men.   Yet, despite the fact that no two women in this epic are alike, each--through her vices or virtues-- helps to delineate the role of the ideal woman.   Below, we will show the importance of Circe, Calypso, Nausicaa, Cly taemestra, and Penelope in terms of the movement of the narrative and in defining social roles for the Ancient Greeks. Before we delve into the traits of individual characters, it is important to understand certain assumptions about women that prevailed in the Homeric Age.   By modern standards, the Ancient Greeks would be considered a rabidly misogynistic culture.   Indeed, the notoriously sour Boetian playwright Hesiod-- who wrote about fifty years before Homer-- proclaimed "Zeus who thunders on high made women to be an evil to mortal men, with a nature to do evil (Theogony 600)."   While this view may have been extreme even for the Greeks, they were convinced of the physical and intellectual inferiority of women.   Thus, they believed that it was better for all--... ...ocial structure of a defunct culture that was just as complex, if not more complex, than our own.   It defined and sustained Greek society for hundreds of years; much like the Bible once did in Christian nations.   Yet, despite its archaic nature, The Odyssey remains fresh two and a half millennia after its conception.   Homer's world has woven the fantastic together with the ordinary in such a way that it will never fall apart.   In a significant sense, The Odyssey is immortal.    Works Cited: Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey.   New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1996. Katz, Marilyn.   Penelope's Renown. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991 Hesiod.   "Theogony."   Perseus. Web. 24 Mar. 2015 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130 Morford, Mark.   Classical Mythology.   5th edition. White Plains, NY: Logman, 1995.    Important Role of Women in Homer's Odyssey Essay example -- The Role o    For the Greeks, Homer's Odyssey was much more than just an entertaining tale of gods, monsters, and men, it served as cultural paradigm from which every important role and relationship could be defined.   This book, much more so than its counter part The Iliad, gives an eclectic view of the Achean's peacetime civilization.   Through Odyssey, we gain an understanding of what is proper or improper in relationships between father and son, god and mortal, servant and master, guest and host, and--importantly--man and woman.   Women play a vital role in the movement of this narrative.   Unlike in The Iliad, where they are chiefly prizes to be won, bereft of identity, the women of Odyssey are unique in their personality, intentions, and relationship towards men.   Yet, despite the fact that no two women in this epic are alike, each--through her vices or virtues-- helps to delineate the role of the ideal woman.   Below, we will show the importance of Circe, Calypso, Nausicaa, Cly taemestra, and Penelope in terms of the movement of the narrative and in defining social roles for the Ancient Greeks. Before we delve into the traits of individual characters, it is important to understand certain assumptions about women that prevailed in the Homeric Age.   By modern standards, the Ancient Greeks would be considered a rabidly misogynistic culture.   Indeed, the notoriously sour Boetian playwright Hesiod-- who wrote about fifty years before Homer-- proclaimed "Zeus who thunders on high made women to be an evil to mortal men, with a nature to do evil (Theogony 600)."   While this view may have been extreme even for the Greeks, they were convinced of the physical and intellectual inferiority of women.   Thus, they believed that it was better for all--... ...ocial structure of a defunct culture that was just as complex, if not more complex, than our own.   It defined and sustained Greek society for hundreds of years; much like the Bible once did in Christian nations.   Yet, despite its archaic nature, The Odyssey remains fresh two and a half millennia after its conception.   Homer's world has woven the fantastic together with the ordinary in such a way that it will never fall apart.   In a significant sense, The Odyssey is immortal.    Works Cited: Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey.   New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1996. Katz, Marilyn.   Penelope's Renown. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991 Hesiod.   "Theogony."   Perseus. Web. 24 Mar. 2015 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130 Morford, Mark.   Classical Mythology.   5th edition. White Plains, NY: Logman, 1995.   

Organizational Theory and “The Heart of Change” Essay

The book The Heart of Change shows the practical side of the theories that are taught in the course textbook. It presents stories of successes and failures based in the application of concepts discussed in Organizational Behavior and Management and in class. Although we talked about several different concepts the ones that are evident in the examples in The Heart Of Change are the more progressive and individual centered approaches. The leadership characteristics that are important to successful change in an organization are those that are espoused in the transformational theory of management. It makes sense that ideals in line with the transformational management theory would be evident in a book about how to bring about positive change in an organization. Discussion A transformational leader essentially is about growth through change, about challenging the status quo, and staff to grow and perform it is about empowerment and all of those things are important in regards to the approach put forth in The Heart Of Change. A key theme in The Heart Of Change is that change is not brought about by statistical analysis or common sense, but it comes after changing the way that people feel about an issue. It is about connecting with the individual and bringing about an emotive response that motivates a change in behavior. And that is in line with one of the focal traits of a transformational leader. They are visionary leaders who focus who create the mission, focus and goals for the organization. Their approach to leadership is centered around the individual. This is important because for a leader to effectively implement change based The Heart Of Change they would have to be aware of they motivational factors of their employees so they know how do best address the intrinsic needs to change the attitudes of employees. The Heart Of Change shows that change does not happen simply by instituting different systems, but that people are the  force that ultimately determines how well an organization adapts change. That also relates to the leadership style of the transformational leader. They focus on the people as the key elements to bring change to an organization. Group Emotional Intelligence is a topic that we discussed in class that is essential to the type of change discussed in The Heart Of Change. The second stage of change is about putting together a team that is able drive the company towards its specific goal in regards to instituting change. There needs to be a strong force pushing the change and keeping the urgency up. It is understandably to much for on person to handle so there needs to be a team of interested, motivated people to act as that driving force. The three ideas of trust, sense of group identity, and group efficacy are essential to group effectiveness. The group that is at the forefront of the change action in an organization needs to exhibit a high EI. Not only because they need to be efficient, but because they are a model for the rest of the organization. This again relates to the character traits of the transformational leadership theory. Being a role model, showing others behaviors to emulate are what transformational leaders do, and this is what the change guiding group does as described in The Heart Of Change. Empowerment is an issue that is imperative to the change process. We touched on the idea of empowerment while exploring power, and politics in the workplace. Empowerment is important in regards to The Heart Of Change, because it is also about ownership. For change to be effective it takes an entire organization to believe in the change process. Through empowerment of the staff in the change process you are creating a sense of ownership for them in the process of change. Once they feel like they are an important part of the process it creates a sense of pride in their part of the process. In the workplace a sense of pride usually leads to a commitment to excellence in working towards the goals of the organization. Again this is a trait of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders encourage their teams and staff to be innovative, creative and encourage them to take risks. Empowerment is a tool, which is used to elicit the abovementioned traits in the staff, and drives the c hange. Organizational socialization is the way values; abilities, expected behaviors, and social knowledge of a organization are shared. It is based on creating an uniformity in mission, beliefs and actions. Socialization, in regards to the organizational change does not seem that it is an important issue in regards to affecting change in an organization. However, it is an integral part in sustaining any positive gains that have come from organizational change. After any sort of change occurs it must be accompanied with a change in the formal and informal socialization procedures to ensure they reflect the new organizational structure and culture. Effective socialization is imperative to ensure the change is long lasting. Updating Standard Operating Procedures for existing staff, as well as orientation procedures should reinforce the new changes for current staff, and introduce them to the new staff. Changing a system in simple. Sustaining a new culture and behavior in the workplace is difficult. People tend to revert to what is comfortable to them. In organizations that are in the process of implementing change is systems or culture, new people to the organization are the easiest to accept and adapt to the new changes. A new active socialization procedure needs to be adopted to address the veterans in the organization. They are the group that will be more apt to fall into old habits. Communication in the workplace is key to change, and is a theme that is throughout The Heart Of Change. Communication is important throughout several different stages of the change process as described in The Heart Of Change. There is a chapter in The Heart Of Change where they concentrate on communication of the vision and goals to the organization as a whole to motivate the members to buy into the vision. However, communication is very important during the first stage of change. In this stage the message communicated is the catalyst that will inspire the rest of organization to want to change. The communication should be tailored to evoke an emotional response, to motivate staff. The message can be we need to change, but the delivery of the message is has much to do its effectiveness. Also communication is important in the socialization aspect of sustaining  change. Within an organization communication comes in different forms. Procedures and rules are in the employee handbook, emails and memos. The culture of a workplace is transmitted through symbols and actions. The latter of the aforementioned communication is difficult and requires more effort to see that it is carried out in a manner that supports the organizational change. If there is a specific message, and vision that is to resonate with people and motivate them, all the actions of the leaders in the in the organization should reflect the message. Conclusion Change is a difficult process for an individual, but for an organization the difficulty grows exponentially. For an organization to change the actions and culture of everybody within the organization must change as well. There are the logistics involved in changing organizational structure. Then there is the task of changing the behavior of the employees as well. That is where the most obstacles will be found. The Heart Of Change offers a variety of experiences to highlight their theory in regards to the steps of successful change. Rooted in their theory are concepts that were discussed in class. Most of concepts that are evident in the change process theory are progressive and reflect ideas indicative of transformational leadership theory. The Heart Of Change has brought the individual concepts together and shown how they can work together to affect successful change in an organization. Reading The Heart Of Change shows how the powerful and effective the ideas that we learned about are, and how they can benefit us as we take leadership positions in our organizations.

Essay on Personality Analysis - 971 Words

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss characteristics of my personality. The main focus of this paper will be how my personality has developed over time. As I age and encounter new and different experiences, my personality has adapted and developed further. This paper will give an in-depth exploration into the people and events that have influenced my personality. Personality is defined as â€Å"a) the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. b) the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of the individual† (Dictionary.com, 2010). Whether we realize it or not, personality defines us as people. There are many facets to my personality,†¦show more content†¦I had to step out of my comfort zone and do what needed to be done in order to reach my goals. On the graduate level, I find that it is easier to be an introvert and participate. Once the human element is taken away, I can find myself being open. I do not see my classmates face to face so I can allow myself to say things that I ordinarily would not do or say. As I have gotten older, some of the introversion has faded to a certain extent, but it is still present. Through my job as a Special Education Teacher, I have had to overcome a majority of my introversion so I can effectively do my job. On any given day, I wi ll have to speak to not only my students but also the office staff, coworkers, and possibly some of the children’s parents. Conversation goes both ways, so to be successful at my job; I would have to be willing to be open and communicate with others more. I also have to realize that I need to make the first step sometimes. Not everyone is going to come to me; there are times I am going to have to go to others. Another characteristic of my personality is care. Despite my ever-present introversion, I have always harbored a deep care for most people. 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